Humankind is a temporal,
intellectual, and spiritual infant.
Violence has been the defining
characteristic of human existence.
Following and extending Hobbes,
not only has the individual life been nasty, brutish, and short, but in like
manner has the existence of homo sapiens
on earth been despicable, caddish, and brief.
Inasmuch as the term homo sapiens
means “knowledgeable human,” the appellation is a misnomer.
The male leaders who have
dominated life on earth, especially since the advent of those more complex
configurations known ironically as civilizations, have tended to seize power
and restrict participatory governance to the very few. The river valley civilizations of Sumeria,
Egypt, and China all were headed by one of monarchical or imperial aspirations; governance in Mohenjodaro and Harappa in the
Indus Valley is less clear, but social stratification abided. The Greek city-state of Athens gets favorable
reviews for asserting the democratic principle, but civitas was limited to males who owned substantial property. Romans during the republican phase did
provide for a Tribune representing commoners in addition to the Senate of the
patricians, but in almost all cases the leaders known as consuls were of
patrician rank; and as the years of the
Common Era approached, republican governance gave way to the more exclusivist
imperial style.
In China, the quest for the life
of the scholar-bureaucrat became by the Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
theoretically open to the meritorious of all classes, but the level of
education needed to gain the academic degrees leading to high government
position was beyond the reach of most humble folk, and in any case the
emperorship operated on the principle of heredity. Japan was dominated by imperial,
aristocratic, and samurai elites.
Monarchies and empires abided in Southeast Asia, Mesoamerica, South
America, and Africa. Muslim
empires--- Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman, Safavid,
Mughal--- were autocratic and
patriarchal, with power held by the very few.
Hindu monarchies and empires that preceded or competed with the Mughals
in India were typically short-lived, with territorial boundaries that fell
short of aspirations, but whatever level of power manifested was the province
of elite males. Considerable social
stratification is indicated by archeological sites of North America. Village societies across the globe, including
those of oceanic areas, featured shorter distance between ruler and ruled, but
the propensity of male leaders to exercise authoritarian, imperial,
monarchical, and aristocratic governance is clear.
Even as the Glorious Revolution
(1688-1689) in Great Britain countered the authoritarian monarchical and
aristocratic system with an increasingly powerful representative parliament,
the franchise opened only very slowly to those other than aristocratic and
mercantile elite males. Similarly were
the opportunities to vote and participate in governance limited to the very few
even in putatively democratic societies in the 19th and 20th
centuries; in western Europe, Canada,
and the United States, governance was the sphere of white males until women
gained the franchise at the early-middle stages of the 20th
century. Even then, women had limited
inheritance rights and, if married, by law had to defer to their husbands in
decisions involving money and property.
Nonwhites in all of these western societies faced severe discrimination; in the United States, African Americans lived
under conditions of the police state in the Jim Crow South and found urban life
at the termini of the Northern Migration to be a severe disappointment in the
context of hopes for full citizenship.
Not until the years spanning
1964-1973 did women and nonwhite ethnicities in the United States gain
enforceable legal affirmation of citizenship status. This legal advancement has met with
considerable opposition from white males whose centuries of dominance have been
challenged:
Recent vigor in white male nationalism
is but an extreme form of a general phenomenon.
And across the globe, authoritarian
patriarchy remains the rule to which there are few exceptions. In an increasingly interactive globe of
humanity, the social movements witnessed since 1968 in the United States and
the West have had an impact and will have enduring influence; however, given the level of white male
resistance even in those societies deemed most progressive, the path to
multiethnic, gender equitable governance will be long, difficult, and violent.
The pattern of governance in
prehistory and, especially, history has been patriarchal and authoritarian.
In full realization of the promise
of legal advances since 1968, women must take the lead in developing
egalitarian political systems and in so doing alter the course heretofore
observed in the human past.
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