Nov 18, 2019

>Journal of the K-12 Revolution: Essays and Research from Minneapolis, Minnesota<, Vol. VI, No. 1, July 2019 >>>>> Article #3


Article #3

 

World’s Best Workforce Programs

 

To meet World’s Best Workforce (MBWF) requirements of the Minnesota Department of Education and the Minnesota State Legislature, officials at the Minneapolis Public Schools (MPS) must give evidence of programming meant to promote equity and academic achievement among a diversity of demographic groups.

 

MPS programs cited by officials at the district as meeting WBWF legislative requirements are given in detail below:

 

Advancement Via Individual Determination  (AVID)

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #1

 

AVID                                     

(Advancement Via

Individual Determination)

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Gaps Closed

Ready for Career and College

Graduation from High School

 

Budgetary Allocation, Academic Years

Ending in 2017, 2018, and 2019 

 

    2017                     2018                    2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

$163,000             $3,042,040        $2,942,000

 

Students Served (Grades 4-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-5 & K-8          Middle        High

(Elementary     School        School        

AVID)                 (PREP

                        & Elective)

 

981                         2,654          1,302

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-8          Middle     High        

                  School     School             

 

694            1,414       1,734

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year Ending in 2018)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

1,025

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

     86

 

Asian >>>>>

 

  136

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  426

 

White  >>>>>

 

  248

 

Total  >>>>>

 

1,921                                          

Check and Connect

           

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #2

 

Check & Connect

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Graduation from High School

 

2016                       2017                       2018

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $700,000             $350,000             $350,000

 

Students Served (Grades 4-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-8          Middle                       High         Academic Year

                  School                     School     Q1 2016-2017

                           

306             370                         1,302

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-8          Middle       High        Academic Year

                  School        School       2017-2018                          

 

                      89             

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

1,098

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   240

 

Asian >>>>>

 

     62

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

    450

 

White  >>>>>

 

    128

 

Total  >>>>>

 

1,978

                

Ethnic Studies and Social Justice Fellows

                                                                              

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #3

 

Ethnic Studies and Social Justice Fellows

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Graduation from High School

 

2016                       2017                       2018

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $345,929             $236,903             $150,000            

 

Students Served (Grades 4-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-8          Middle        High         Academic Year

                  School        School     T1 2016-2017

                           

-----            -----            430       

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-8          Middle       High        Academic Year

                  School        School     T12017-2018                        

 

                                        544

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

378

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

 

Asian >>>>>

 

  19

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  50

 

White  >>>>>

 

  21

 

Total  >>>>>

 

474

 

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

358

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

  23

 

Asian >>>>>

 

  25

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  76

 

White  >>>>>

 

  62

 

Total  >>>>>

 

544

                                     

Fast Track Scholars

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #4

 

Fast Track Scholars

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Graduation from High School

 

    2016                       2017                      2018

Budgetary           Budgetary           Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $50,000                $13,000                $13,000               

 

Students Served (Rising 9th)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-8          Middle        High         Academic Year

                  School        School        2016-2017

                           

-----            -----            269       

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-8          Middle       High        Academic Year

                  School        School     2017-2018            

 

-----            -----            189

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

108

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

  6

 

Asian >>>>>

 

  20

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  71

 

White  >>>>>

 

  42

 

Total  >>>>>

 

269

 

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

109

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

     7

 

Asian >>>>>

 

    7

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  47

 

White  >>>>>

 

  19

 

Total  >>>>>

 

189

                               

GEMs & GISE            

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #4

 

Fast Track Scholars

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Graduation from High School

 

2016                       2017                       2018

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $900,000             $213,000             $213,000            

 

Students Served (Grades K-8)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-5          K-8                Middle        High         Academic Year

                                      School         School      2015-2016

                           

1,646       676               257 -----      

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-5          K-8                Middle        High         Academic Year

                                      School         School      2017-2018

                           

2,629       751                736                -----      

                                        

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

951

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   84

 

Asian >>>>>

 

194

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

 513

 

White  >>>>>

 

839

 

Total  >>>>>

 

2,581

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

1,725

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

    134

 

Asian >>>>>

 

    229

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

    758

 

White  >>>>>

 

 1,375

 

Total  >>>>>

 

4,221

                          

Jobs for America’s Graduates (JAG)

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #3

 

Jobs For America’s Graduates

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Ready for Career and College

 

Graduation from High School

 

2017                            2018                      2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $898,740             $200,000                  $0     

 

Students Served (Grades 4-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-8          Middle        High         Academic Year

                  School        School     Q1 2016-2017

                           

-----            -----            497       

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-8          Middle       High        Academic Year

                  School        School      2017-2018                           

 

                                        167

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

148

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

    35

 

Asian >>>>>

 

      9

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  43

 

White  >>>>>

 

  13

 

Total  >>>>>

 

476

 

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

107

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   0

 

Asian >>>>>

 

   3

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  57

 

White  >>>>>

 

    0

 

Total  >>>>>

 

167                                        

                    

Grow Your Own Teacher Residency

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #3

 

Grow Your Own Teacher Residency

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Budgetary Allocation for Academic Years

Ending in 2017, 2018, and 2019:

 

2017                            2018                      2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $600,000             $875,000             $100,000            

 

Students Served (Grades 4-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-5          K-8         Middle        High         Academic Year

                                School        School        2015-2016

                           

450            75         -----               -----

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-5              K-8        Middle        High         Academic Year

                                   School        School        2017-2018

                           

1,174        2,520      -----             ----- 

                           

 

                                        167

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

248

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

    8

 

Asian >>>>>

 

  16

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

111

 

White  >>>>>

 

142

 

Total  >>>>>

 

525

 

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

1,847

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

  148

 

Asian >>>>>

 

    63

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

1,367

 

White  >>>>>

 

  269

 

Total  >>>>>

 

3,694

 

Learning Works

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #8

 

LearningWorks at Blake

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Ready for Career and College

 

Graduation from High School

 

Budgetary Allocation for Academic Years

Ending in 2017, 2018, and 2019:

 

2017                            2018                      2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $50,000                  $25,000               $25,000               

 

Students Served (Grades 6-12)

 

Data are not kept for specific grade level

breakdown, thus yielding the following presentation:

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-5          K-8         Middle        High         Academic Year

                                School        School        2015-2016

                           

Data not broken down by school

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-5              K-8        Middle        High         Academic Year

                                   School        School        2017-2018

                           

                Data not broken down by school

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

41

 

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   2

 

Asian >>>>>

 

   9

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

 19

 

White  >>>>>

 

 34

 

Total  >>>>>

 

107

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

32

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   9 (or fewer---  data inexact)

 

Asian >>>>>

 

    9 (or fewer---  data inexact)

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  22

 

White  >>>>>

 

  28

 

Total  >>>>>

 

  91

                          

Multi-Tiered System of Support

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #9

 

MTSS/ Culturally Relevant Materials

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Third Graders Reading at Grade Level

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Graduation from High School

 

    2016                       2017                      2018

Budgetary           Budgetary           Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

      $0                   $1,520,000        $1,576,903              

 

Students Served (K-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-5          Middle       High        Academic Year

                  School        School     2017-2018            

 

5,072          971             991

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

 

 (Academic Year               Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

3,068

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   209

 

Asian >>>>>

 

    350

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

  1,406

 

White  >>>>>

 

  2,001

 

Total  >>>>>

 

6,984

                        

Office of Black Male Achievement

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #10

 

Office of Black Male Achievement

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Ready for Career and College

 

Graduation from High School

 

2017                            2018                      2019

 

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $310,000             $320,000             $320,000            

 

Students Served (Grades K-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-5          K-8         Middle        High         Academic Year

                                School        School     Q1 2016-2017

                           

(Starts     16            71                120                

Q2)           

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-5          K-8         Middle        High         Academic Year

                                School        School     Q1 2016-2018

           

 62            25           94                167

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

This program by definition is exclusively for African American males:

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

207

 

Total  >>>>>

 

207

 

(Academic Year Ending in 2018

 

African American    >>>>>

 

348

 

Total  >>>>>

 

348

                                       

Project SUCCESS

 

>>>>>   

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #11

 

Project Success

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Ready for Career and College

 

Graduation from High School

 

2017                            2018                      2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

 $275,000             $110,000             $110,000            

 

Students Served (Grades 6-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

  K-8       Middle        High         Academic Year

                  School        School       2016-2017

                           

 625          3,354           8,703

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-8         Middle        High         Academic Year

                  School        School       2017-2018

                           

1,448       3,413          10,362

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

This program by definition is exclusively for African American males:

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

4,832

 

American Indian/

Native American

                                   

445

 

Asian

 

  93

 

Hispanic

 

2,179

 

White

 

3,743

 

Total  >>>>>

 

12,142

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

6,439

 

American Indian/

Native American

                                   

618

 

Asian

 

992

 

Hispanic

 

3,054

 

White

 

4,120

 

Total  >>>>>

 

15,223

 

 

Racially identifiable Schools (RIS) Direct Support

 

>>>>>   

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #12

 

Racially Identifiable Schools (RIS)

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Ready for School

 

Third Graders Reading at Grade Level

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Ready for Career and College

 

Graduation from High School

 

2017                            2018                     2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

   $0                       $1,800,000           $2,000,000         

 

Students Served (Grades 4-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-5             K-8             Middle        High           Academic Year

                    School       School           School        2016-2017

                           

4,115       3,681               928              1,774

 

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

African American    >>>>>

 

5,786

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   463

 

Asian >>>>>

 

1,043

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

 2,465

 

White  >>>>>

 

   766

 

Total  >>>>>

 

10,537

   

Spring and Winter Break Academy

 

>>>>>   

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #13

 

Spring and Winter Break Academy

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Third Graders Reading at Grade Level

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Graduation from High School

 

2017                            2018                      2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

$1,199,783              $60,000              $10,000               

 

Students Served (Grades 4-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-5             K-8             Middle        High           Academic Year

                    School       School           School        2016-2017

 

Data not broken down by school.

 

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-5             K-8             Middle        High           Academic Year

                    School       School           School        2016-2017

                           

Data not broken down by school.

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

1,266

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   139

 

Asian >>>>>

 

   236

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

   848

 

White  >>>>>

 

   332

 

Total  >>>>>

 

2,715

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

  1,536

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

   105

 

Asian >>>>>

 

   201

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

1,056

 

White  >>>>>

 

   33  

                             

Urban Debate League

 

>>>>>   

 

Major (WBWF) Academic Program #14

 

Urban Debate League

 

Program for                                       

World’s Best Work Force (WBWF)

Alignment, 2017-2018

 

Projected WBWF Goals Addressed  >>>>>

 

Third Graders Reading at Grade Level

 

Racial and Economic Achievement Gaps Closed

 

Graduation from High School

 

2017                            2018                      2019

Budgetary           Budgetary          Budgetary

Allocation           Allocation          Allocation          

 

$300,783                 $119,000           $119,000             

 

Students Served (Grades 6-12)

 

Academic Year Ending in 2017                  

 

K-8             Middle        High           Academic Year

School       School         School              2015-2016

 

200                106               116

 

Academic Year Ending in 2018                  

 

K-8             Middle        High           Academic Year

School       School         School              2017-2018

                           

101               138                105        

 

Students Served by Race                                                             

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2017)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

 115

 

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

     7

 

Asian >>>>>

 

   21

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

   54

 

White  >>>>>

 

   227

 

Total  >>>>>

 

  424

 

(Academic Year                Ending in 2018)

 

 

African American    >>>>>

 

 138

                                                                                                               

American Indian     >>>>>

(Native American)

 

     4

 

Asian >>>>>

 

   29

 

Hispanic >>>>>

 

   45

 

White  >>>>>

 

   177

 

Total  >>>>>

 

  394

>Journal of the K-12 Revolution: Essays and Research from Minneapolis, Minnesota<, Vol. VI, No. 1, July 2019 >>>>> Article #4


Article #4

 

Strategic Plan:  Acceleration 2020 of the Minneapolis Public Schools                                         

When Ed Graff arrived as Superintendent on 1 July 2019, the Minneapolis Public Schools (MPS) strategic plan in force at the time was Strategic Plan:  Acceleration 2020.  This plan was approved at a September 2014 meeting of the Minneapolis Public Schools Board of Education.  Via the program advocated in the pages of the work overseen by then Superintendent Bernadeia Johnson and Chief Executive Officer (now Interim Superintendent) Michael Goar, the public schools of Minneapolis were to advance educational excellence and equity for all students enrolled in the district.

 

Six high-level goals were given in the document:  1) Improved Student Outcomes;  2) Equity;  3)  Family and Community Partnership;  4) Effective Teachers, School Leaders, and Staff;  5) Stewardship;  and 6) Resources for Students and Schools.

 

Goals offered in what was termed the “big, bold spirit of the 5-8-10 plan” included the following, to be attained in the run-up to year 2020:

 

>>>>>    5 percent annual increase in students overall meeting or exceeding state standards in reading

and math;

 

 >>>>>   8 percent annual increase in students meeting or exceeding state standards in reading

and math for MPS’s lowest performing students;

 

 >>>>>   10 percent annual increase in the four-year graduation rate

 

Officials at MPS declared that “Our targets are intentionally high to reignite a sense of urgency in the system and ensure that everyone is operating with growth mindset. Meeting these targets is absolutely possible.  Under this plan, we will achieve our vision of every child graduating college and career ready.”

 

Toward the achievement of Goal Number One, Improved Student Outcomes, officials at MPS stress that teachers at Grades Pre-K through Grade 3 should have routines in place for development of student reading and language skills;  that teachers at Grade 4 through Grade 12 and for adult learners

should abet the development of such skills via guided academic conversations and “close reading”;  and that  teachers at Grade 6 through Grade 12 and for adult learners develop students’ math and science vocabulary and content knowledge using “literacy strategies.”  Also stressed are core instruction for all categories of learners;  personalized learning opportunities;  readiness at key points of transition from one major age grouping to another;  behavioral interventions that minimize suspensions;  and the availability of ethnic studies courses in high school.

 

Toward the achievement of Goal Number Two, Equity, officials at MPS stress the use of student data as examined and then acted upon by Professional Learning Communities of teachers at each site, problem-based learning and critical thinking;  multiple pathways to graduation via dual enrollment, Post-Secondary Options (PSEO), credit recovery, community-based GED and literacy programs, and online learning;  and availability of world languages.  Associate Superintendents are to monitor progress toward the goal of equity and the given sub-goals;  and staff at all schools are to be given proper supports, with enhanced supports at High Priority Schools and Focus Schools.

 

Toward the achievement of Goal Number Three, Family and Community Partnership,officials at MPS stress engagement with families of students, with appropriate language translation and interpreting services, with training for teachers in communication with families, and with great effort made to provide accessible locations and temporally flexible times for familial participation.  They also stress increases in corporate support, grant funding, and volunteers---  with ongoing monitoring of community partnerships for effectiveness.

 

Toward the achievement of Goal Number Four, Effective Teachers, School Leaders, and Staff, officials at MPS stress the need for diversity in hiring, identification and placement of individuals particularly suited for teaching and staff roles to meet the needs of students at certain schools, and the provision of training and supports for staff in performing to expectation.  There is also emphasis placed on providing leadership training and career advancement opportunities;  and on implementing Quality Compensation (Q-Comp) to promote staff retention and career development.   

 

Toward the achievement of Goal Number Five, Stewardship, officials at MPS stress accountability on the part of administrators at all levels for the implementation of Strategic Plan:  Acceleration 2020 via ongoing assessment of effectiveness and adjustment of strategies as necessary; use of the Baldrige Criteria for Education Organizations as a guide to ongoing staff training in planning, management, decision-making and data collection and utilization;  and central office adjustments to abet increased school autonomy.

 

Toward the achievement of Goal Number Six, Resources for Students and Schools, officials at MPS stress “zero-based budgeting” to assure that funds are used where they are truly needed, with allocations prioritized for the classroom, and with attention to services pertinent to transportation, food security, instructional technology, school environment, and athletics that have a direct impact on students’ lives.

 

All of these goals were to be attained in the context of an inclination toward school autonomy and upon the conviction that the individual site---  the school---  is the meaningful unit of change and that school staff members should have flexibility to meet the needs of their particular student population.